Fungus Gnats
Something has been bugging us in the office lately and it might not be what you think. Over the last few months we have had a small infestation of Fungus Gnats that have made our offices their home. Fungus gnats are small insects (1/8 to 1/10-inch-long) that are common in high-organic-matter houseplant soils that are kept moist. Typically, we don’t consider them a major problem, rather a minor pest however, in they can be a major pest in the green house. Adults cause minimal plant damage, but females lay eggs that hatch into larvae that damage plants by root feeding. Larval feeding directly damages developing root systems and interferes with the ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients, resulting in stunted growth. This makes fungus gnats unique in that the damaging life stage is located in the soil itself. Both adults and larvae may also spread plant pathogens.
Water and sanitation are both vital for controlling fungus gnats in houseplants. Fungus gnat larvae need damp conditions in order to thrive so if you can allow your house plants to dry out more than normal you will help reduce the population. The “dry” surface is apparently less attractive to females, and even if eggs are deposited, they fail to hatch. Another cultural strategy is to incorporate abrasive materials such as diatomaceous earth into growing media or apply it to the surface. Diatomaceous earth is composed of sharp skeletons of hard-shelled algae that form fossil deposits, which remove the cuticular waxes, absorb oils and waxes in the outer cuticle, or rupture the cuticle, causing dehydration. Scouting or monitoring is an essential component of pest management programs used in detecting the presence of fungus gnats early; before populations’ build-up to damaging levels. Yellow sticky cards, placed near the growing medium surface, are typically used for monitoring fungus gnat adults.
If fungus gnat populations have gotten high the use of an insecticide is probably going to be necessary. The most effective treatments are those that are persistent; killing adults for up to three days. A number of pyrethroid-based insecticides, with extended persistence, are available for use on houseplants including those containing the following active ingredients: bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and permethrin. Short-persisting contact insecticides such as those containing pyrethrins, soaps, oils, and neem, do not provide sufficient long-term control of fungus gnat adults and require repeat applications at short intervals (couple of days) to exhibit effects. Since the larvae are the life stage that directly causes plant damage, most insecticides are applied as a drench to the growing medium. Systemic insecticides are effective at killing the larvae along with products that contain the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) such as Mosquito bits when applied as a drench to the growing medium.
